A primary source is a document created during the time period of your research subject, about your research subject. These documents are directly connected with the events or people being researched.
A secondary source is a document created at a later time period, often much later than the time period of the event being researched, by someone who did not experience said event. These documents have no direct personal connection with the events or people being researched, but they may benefit from being able to put the event “in context” or perspective.
You may notice that the list of examples for primary sources is longer than for secondary. Don’t let that fool you. While there may be more types of primary sources, secondary sources are the majority of documents you will come across in everyday life.
Primary Sources Secondary Sources
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Data and Original Research |
Encyclopedias |
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Diaries and Journals |
Chronologies |
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Speeches and Interviews |
Biographies |
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Letters and Memos |
Monographs (a specialized book or article) |
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Autobiographies and Memoirs |
Most journal articles (unless written at the time of the event) |
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Books or articles or news stories written at the time of the event |
Most published books (unless written at the time of the event) |
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Government Documents from that period |
Abstracts of articles |
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Census Statistics |
Paraphrased quotations |
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Organizational Records from that period |
Dictionaries |
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Documentaries that rely on primary source materials |
Textbooks |
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Photographs |
Webpages |
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Art (from the time period) |
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Maps (from the time period) |
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Internet communications (including listservs and emails) |
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Any of the above reprinted in the original format and language |
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CTX has its own digital archives and most of these materials are also primary sources from our institution’s early years when we were primarily a boy’s high school.